Boiling Point of Water at Various Altitudes and Pressures
Altitude (feet) |
Barometer
Reading |
Atmos.
Pressure |
Boiling
Point (¢µ) |
||
in.
Hg |
mm
Hg |
PSIA |
Feet
of Water |
||
-1000 |
31.0 |
788 |
15.2 |
35.2 |
213.8 |
-500 |
30.5 |
775 |
15.0 |
34.6 |
212.9 |
0 |
29.9 |
760 |
14.7 |
33.9 |
212.0 |
500 |
29.4 |
747 |
14.4 |
33.3 |
211.1 |
1000 |
28.9 |
734 |
14.2 |
32.8 |
210.2 |
1500 |
28.3 |
719 |
13.9 |
32.1 |
209.3 |
2000 |
27.8 |
706 |
13.7 |
31.5 |
208.4 |
2500 |
27.3 |
694 |
13.4 |
31.0 |
207.4 |
3000 |
26.8 |
681 |
13.2 |
30.4 |
206.5 |
3500 |
26.3 |
668 |
12.9 |
29.8 |
205.6 |
4000 |
25.8 |
655 |
12.7 |
29.2 |
204.7 |
4500 |
25.4 |
645 |
12.4 |
28.8 |
203.8 |
5000 |
24.9 |
633 |
12.2 |
28.2 |
202.9 |
5500 |
24.4 |
620 |
12.0 |
27.6 |
201.9 |
6000 |
24.0 |
610 |
11.8 |
27.2 |
201.0 |
6500 |
23.5 |
597 |
11.5 |
26.7 |
200.1 |
7000 |
23.1 |
587 |
11.3 |
26.2 |
199.2 |
7500 |
22.7 |
577 |
11.1 |
25.7 |
198.3 |
8000 |
22.2 |
564 |
10.9 |
25.2 |
197.4 |
8500 |
21.8 |
554 |
10.7 |
24.7 |
196.5 |
9000 |
21.4 |
544 |
10.5 |
24.3 |
195.5 |
9500 |
21.0 |
533 |
10.3 |
23.8 |
194.6 |
10000 |
20.6 |
523 |
10.1 |
23.4 |
193.7 |
15000 |
16.9 |
429 |
8.3 |
19.2 |
184.0 |
Centrifugal Pump Performance
for Water and Viscous Material
| Flow
Data - Nozzles Theoretical Discharge of Nozzles in U S Gallons Per Minute |
|||||||||||||||
Head |
Velocity of disch ft/sec |
Diameter
of nozzle in inches |
|||||||||||||
psi |
feet |
1/16 |
1/8 |
3/16 |
1/4 |
3/8 |
1/2 |
5/8 |
3/4 |
7/8 |
1 |
11/8 |
11/4 |
13/8 |
|
| 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 130 140 150 175 200 250 300 |
23.1 34.6 46.2 57.7 69.3 80.8 92.4 103.9 115.5 127.0 138.6 150.1 161.7 173.2 184.8 196.3 207.9 219.4 230.9 242.4 254.0 265.5 277.1 300.2 323.3 346.4 404.1 461.9 577.4 692.8 |
38.6 47.25 54.55 61.0 66.85 72.2 77.2 81.8 86.25 90.5 94.5 98.3 102.1 105.7 109.1 112.5 115.8 119.0 122.0 125.0 128.0 130.9 133.7 139.1 144.3 149.5 161.4 172.6 193.0 211.2 |
0.37 0.45 0.52 0.58 0.64 0.69 0.74 0.78 0.83 0.87 0.90 0.94 0.98 1.01 1.05 1.08 1.11 1.14 1.17 1.20 1.23 1.25 1.28 1.33 1.38 1.43 1.55 1.65 1.85 2.02 |
1.48 1.81 2.09 2.34 2.56 2.77 2.96 3.13 3.30 3.46 3.62 3.77 3.91 4.05 4.18 4.31 4.43 4.56 4.67 4.79 4.90 5.01 5.12 5.33 5.53 5.72 6.18 6.61 7.39 8.08 |
3.32 4.06 4.69 5.25 5.75 6.21 6.64 7.03 7.41 7.77 8.12 8.45 8.78 9.08 9.39 9.67 9.95 10.20 10.50 10.80 11.00 11.20 11.50 12.00 12.40 12.90 13.90 14.80 16.60 18.20 |
5.91 7.24 8.35 9.34 10.20 11.10 11.80 12.50 13.20 13.80 14.50 15.10 15.70 16.20 16.70 17.30 17.70 18.20 18.20 19.20 19.60 20.00 20.50 21.30 22.10 22.90 24.70 26.40 29.60 32.40 |
13.3 16.3 18.8 21.0 23.0 24.8 26.6 28.2 29.7 31.1 32.5 33.8 35.2 36.4 37.6 38.8 39.9 41.0 42.1 43.1 44.1 45.1 46.0 48.0 49.8 51.6 55.6 59.5 66.5 72.8 |
23.6 28.9 33.4 37.3 40.9 44.2 47.3 50.1 52.8 55.3 57.8 60.2 62.5 64.7 66.8 68.9 70.8 72.8 74.7 76.5 78.4 80.1 81.8 85.2 88.4 91.5 98.8 106.00 118.00 129.00 |
36.9 45.2 52.2 58.3 63.9 69.0 73.8 78.2 82.5 86.4 90.4 94.0 97.7 101.00 104.00 108.00 111.00 114.00 117.00 120.00 122.00 125.00 128.00 133.00 138.00 143.00 154.00 165.00 185.00 202.00 |
53.10 65.00 75.10 84.00 92.00 99.50 106.00 113.00 119.00 125.00 130.00 136.00 141.00 146.00 150.00 155.00 160.00 164.00 168.00 172.00 176.00 180.00 184.00 192.00 199.00 206.00 222.00 238.00 266.00 291.00 |
72.4 88.5 102.00 114.00 125.00 135.00 145.00 153.00 162.00 169.00 177.00 184.00 191.00 198.00 205.00 211.00 217.00 223.00 229.00 234.00 240.00 245.00 251.00 261.00 271.00 280.00 302.00 323.00 362.00 396.00 |
94.5 116.00 134.00 149.00 164.00 177.00 188.00 200.00 211.00 221.00 231.00 241.00 250.00 259.00 267.00 276.00 284.00 292.00 299.00 306.00 314.00 320.00 327.00 341.00 354.00 366.00 395.00 423.00 473.00 517.00 |
120 147 169 189 207 224 239 253 267 280 293 305 317 327 338 349 359 369 378 388 397 406 414 432 448 463 500 535 598 655 |
148 181 209 234 256 277 296 313 330 346 362 376 391 404 418 431 443 456 467 479 490 501 512 533 553 572 618 660 739 808 |
179 219 253 283 309 334 357 379 399 418 438 455 473 489 505 521 536 551 565 579 593 606 619 645 668 692 747 799 894 977 |
11/2 |
13/4 |
2 |
21/4 |
21/2 |
23/4 |
3 |
31/2 |
4 |
41/2 |
5 |
51/2 |
6 |
|||
| 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 130 140 150 175 200 250 300 |
23.1 34.6 46.2 57.7 69.3 80.8 92.4 103.90 115.50 127.00 138.60 150.10 161.70 173.20 184.80 196.30 207.90 219.40 230.90 242.40 254.00 265.50 277.10 300.20 323.30 346.40 404.10 461.90 577.40 692.80 |
38.60 47.25 54.55 61.00 66.85 72.20 77.20 81.80 86.25 90.40 94.50 98.30 102.10 105.70 109.10 112.50 115.80 119.00 122.00 125.00 128.00 130.90 133.70 139.10 144.30 149.50 161.40 172.60 193.00 211.20 |
213 260 301 336 368 398 425 451 475 498 521 542 563 582 602 620 638 656 672 689 705 720 736 767 795 824 890 950 1063 1163 |
289 354 409 458 501 541 578 613 647 678 708 737 765 792 818 844 868 892 915 937 960 980 1002 1043 1082 1120 1210 1294 1447 1582 |
378 463 535 598 655 708 756 801 845 886 926 964 1001 1037 1070 1103 1136 1168 1196 1226 1255 1282 1310 1365 1415 1466 1582 1691 1891 2070 |
479 585 676 756 828 895 957 1015 1070 1121 1172 1220 1267 1310 1354 1395 1436 1476 1512 1550 1588 1621 1659 1726 1790 1853 2000 2140 2392 2615 |
591 723 835 934 1023 1106 1182 1252 1320 1385 1447 1506 1565 1619 1672 1723 1773 1824 1870 1916 1961 2005 2050 2132 2212 2290 2473 2645 2955 3235 |
714 874 1009 1128 1236 1335 1428 1512 1595 1671 1748 1819 1888 1955 2020 2080 2140 2200 2255 2312 2366 2420 2470 2575 2650 2760 2985 3190 3570 3900 |
851 1041 1203 1345 1473 1591 1701 1802 1900 1991 2085 2165 2250 2330 2405 2480 2550 2625 2690 2755 2820 2885 2945 3070 3180 3295 3560 3800 4250 4650 |
1158 1418 1638 1830 2005 2168 2315 2455 2590 2710 2835 2950 3065 3170 3280 3375 3475 3570 3660 3750 3840 3930 4015 4175 4330 4485 4840 5175 5795 6330 |
1510 1850 2135 2385 2615 2825 3020 3200 3375 3540 3700 3850 4000 4135 4270 4400 4530 4655 4775 4890 5010 5120 5225 5450 5650 5850 6310 6760 7550 8260 |
1915 2345 2710 3025 3315 3580 3830 4055 4275 4480 4685 4875 5060 5240 5410 5575 5740 5900 6050 6200 6340 6490 6630 6900 7160 7410 8000 8550 9570 10480 |
2365 2890 3340 3730 4090 4415 4725 5000 5280 5530 5790 6020 6250 6475 6690 6890 7090 7290 7470 7650 7840 8010 8180 8530 8850 9150 9890 10580 11820 12940 |
2855 3490 4040 4510 4940 5340 5610 6050 6380 6690 6980 7270 7560 7820 8080 8320 8560 8800 9030 9260 9470 9680 9900 10300 10690 11070 11940 12770 14290 15620 |
3405 4165 4810 5380 5895 6370 6810 7120 7600 7970 8330 8670 9000 9320 9630 9920 10210 10500 10770 11020 11300 11550 11800 12290 12730 13200 14250 15220 17020 18610 |
Irrigation Data
| Soil Type | Inches
of water required to increase moisture content from permanent wilting percentage to maximum field capacity |
| Sandy soils | 3-5" |
| Medium soils | 6-10" |
| Heavy soils | 12-15" |
Permanent wilting percentage is the percentage of moisture at which plants commence to wilt and below which moisture should not be allowed to fall.
Maximum field capacity is the maximum percentage of moisture a soil will retain after irrigation.
Clay soils may hold as much as 40% of their dry weight in moisture, whereas sandy soils may retain only 8%. However, not all of this water is available to plants. A certain amount is held tightly by the soil particles and cannot be taken up by the plant roots. This amount can range from 2% in sandy soils to as high as 25% in clay soils. If the amount of water in the soil falls to these percentages the plants will wilt and die. Thus, the internal water level of the soil should be kept above this amount to ensure healthy and undamaged crops.
When irrigating, best results are obtained when just enough water is applied to increase the moisture content of the root zone to the maximum holding capacity of the soil. Adding more than this amount is wasteful, but too shallow an irrigation should be avoided to minimize high evaporation losses.
Light sandy soils require more frequent irrigations, but with relatively smaller amounts due to their low moisture retention. A one-inch application on sandy soil can penetrate twelve inches or more. Medium loam soils retain more moisture and so can be irrigated at greater intervals, but with larger amounts. A one-inch application on loam soil can penetrate six to ten inches. Heavy clay soils retain moisture the longest and so require even less frequent irrigations. However, water penetrates such soils very slowly; one inch of water applied slowly can penetrate four or five inches. Water should never be applied to soil faster than the soil can absorb it.
Crop |
Amount
of Water to be Applied at Each Irrigation (inches) |
Time
Between Irrigation (days) |
Pastures |
2-3 |
14-21 |
Alfalfa |
3-6 |
30-45 |
Root
Crops |
2-3 |
15-30 |
Vegetables |
2-3 |
14-21 |
Berries |
2-3 |
15-30 |
Orchards |
4-6 |
30-60 |
Ladino
Clover |
2-3 |
14-21 |
The number of irrigations required will depend on the time of planting, the time of harvest, and the occurence of natural rainfall.
Peak Moisture Use for Common Irrigated Crops and Optimum Yields
Cool
Climate |
Moderate
Climate |
Hot
Climate |
||||
Crop |
Acre
Inches /Acre/Day |
GPM/ Acre |
Acre
Inches /Acre/Day |
GPM/ Acre |
Acre
Inches /Acre/Day |
GPM/ Acre |
Alfalfa |
.15 |
2.8 |
.20 |
3.8 |
.30 |
5.7 |
Pasture |
.12 |
2.3 |
.16 |
3.0 |
.25 |
4.7 |
Grain |
.15 |
2.8 |
.20 |
3.8 |
.22 |
4.2 |
Potatoes |
.10 |
1.9 |
.12 |
2.3 |
.14 |
2.6 |
Beets |
.12 |
2.3 |
.15 |
2.8 |
.20 |
3.8 |
Deciduous
Orchard |
.15 |
2.8 |
.20 |
3.8 |
.25 |
4.7 |
Orchard
with Cover |
.20 |
3.8 |
.25 |
4.7 |
.30 |
5.7 |
Values given are for continuous flow per acre at 100% irrigation efficiency. Multiply values given by the following factors:
|
For
hot dry climate |
1.67 |
|
For
moderate climate |
1.43 |
|
For
humid or cool climate |
1.25 |
Maximum precipitation rates for overhead irrigation on level ground:
Light sandy soils: 1.5" - 0.75" per hour - 679 - 339
GPM per acre
Medium-textured soils: 0.75" - 0.50" per hour - 339 - 226 GPM per
acre
Heavy-textured soils: .50" - 0.20" per hour - 226 - 90 GPM per acre
Allowable rates increase with adequate cover and decrease with land slopes.
| Flow gpm |
ft3 sec |
ft3 min |
Number
of acres covered in twelve hours pumping |
|||||||
| 1
in deep |
2
in deep |
3
in deep |
4
in deep |
6
in deep |
8
in deep |
10
in deep |
12
in deep |
|||
| 20 50 100 150 225 300 400 700 900 1200 1600 3000 4500 6000 7000 8500 10000 14000 |
.0446 .1112 .2225 .3345 .502 .668 .891 1.560 2.008 2.675 3.565 6.68 10.03 13.36 15.61 18.95 22.25 31.15 |
2.675 6.68 13.37 20.05 30.05 40.01 53.40 93.50 120.40 160.50 213.50 400.50 602.00 802.00 936.00 1137.00 1337.00 1871.00 |
.529 1.328 2.96 3.98 5.97 7.96 10.61 18.58 23.85 31.82 42.35 79.50 119.30 159.10 185.70 225.50 265.00 371.00 |
.2645 .664 1.325 1.991 2.985 3.980 5.305 9.28 11.95 15.92 21.20 39.75 59.70 79.60 92.80 112.80 132.50 185.50 |
.1765 .4425 .883 1.328 1.990 2.655 3.535 6.18 7.96 10.61 14.15 26.50 39.75 53.00 61.90 75.20 88.30 123.70 |
.1324 .332 .6625 .995 1.492 1.99 2.652 4.64 5.97 7.95 10.61 19.88 29.85 39.75 46.45 56.35 66.25 92.75 |
.08825 .2213 .442 .664 .994 1.327 1.770 3.095 3.98 5.305 7.075 13.25 19.90 26.52 30.95 37.60 44.20 61.80 |
.6625 .166 .3313 .4975 .747 .995 1.328 2.32 2.975 3.975 5.305 9.94 14.93 18.89 23.20 28.19 33.15 46.35 |
.0529 .1328 .265 .398 .597 .796 1.061 1.858 2.385 3.182 4.235 7.95 11.93 15.91 18.57 22.55 26.50 37.10 |
.04415 .1105 .221 .332 .4975 .663 .884 1.548 1.99 2.65 2.535 6.625 9.95 13.26 15.47 18.79 22.10 30.95 |
Maximum Shock Pressure Caused by Water Hammer
Water hammer is a series of pulsations of varying magnitude within a pumped liquid. The amplitude and period depend on the velocity of the fluid, as well as on the material, size, and strength of the pipe. Shock results from these pulsations when the liquid is suddenly stopped, such as by a closing of a valve.
Water hammer takes its name from the sound that often accompanies it, a sound very much like when a pipe is struck by a hammer. However, intensity of the sound is by no means a measure of the shock pressure. Sound can be muffled by absorbers or arresters, but the shock pressure can still do damage.
To use this chart, first divide the inside diameter of the pipe by the wall thickness. Enter the chart at this value and project upward until you intersect with the curve for either cast iron or steel pipe depending on which one you are calculating for (to the left you can read the velocity of the pressure wave). Project horizontally to the right to intersect with the water speed line, then project down to read the value for the shock pressure.
Physical Properties of Water
Specific gravity of water at 60¢µ = 1.00
Weight per gallon is based on 7.48052 gallons per cubic foot.
| Temperature of Water t Degrees Fahrenheit |
Saturation Pressure P' PSIA |
Specific Volume Cubic Feet Per Pound |
Weight Density p Pounds per Cubic Foot |
Weight Pounds Per Gallon |
| 32 | 0.08859 | 0.016022 | 62.414 | 8.3436 |
| 40 | 0.12163 | 0.016019 | 62.426 | 8.3451 |
| 50 | 0.17796 | 0.016023 | 62.410 | 8.3430 |
| 60 | 0.25611 | 0.016033 | 62.371 | 8.3378 |
| 70 | 0.36292 | 0.016050 | 62.305 | 8.3290 |
| 80 | 0.50683 | 0.016072 | 62.220 | 8.3176 |
| 90 | 0.69813 | 0.016099 | 62.116 | 8.3037 |
| 100 | 0.94924 | 0.016130 | 61.996 | 8.2877 |
| 110 | 1.2750 | 0.016165 | 61.862 | 8.2698 |
| 120 | 1.6927 | 0.016204 | 61.7132 | 8.2498 |
| 130 | 2.2230 | 0.016247 | 61.550 | 8.2280 |
| 140 | 2.8892 | 0.016293 | 61.376 | 8.2048 |
| 150 | 3.7184 | 0.016343 | 61.188 | 8.1797 |
| 160 | 4.7414 | 0.016395 | 60.994 | 8.1537 |
| 170 | 5.9926 | 0.016451 | 60.787 | 8.1260 |
| 180 | 7.5110 | 0.016510 | 60.569 | 8.0969 |
| 190 | 9.340 | 0.016572 | 60.343 | 8.0667 |
| 200 | 11.526 | 0.016637 | 60.107 | 8.0351 |
| 210 | 14.123 | 0.016705 | 59.862 | 8.0024 |
| 212 | 14.696 | 0.016719 | 59.812 | 7.9957 |
| 220 | 17.186 | 0.016775 | 59.613 | 7.9690 |
| 240 | 24.968 | 0.016926 | 59.081 | 7.8979 |
| 260 | 35.427 | 0.017089 | 58.517 | 7.8226 |
| 280 | 49.200 | 0.017264 | 57.924 | 7.7433 |
| 300 | 67.005 | 0.01745 | 57.307 | 7.6608 |
| 350 | 134.604 | 0.01799 | 55.586 | 7.4308 |
| 400 | 247.259 | 0.01864 | 53.648 | 7.1717 |
| 450 | 422.55 | 0.01943 | 51.467 | 6.8801 |
| 500 | 680.86 | 0.02043 | 48.948 | 6.5433 |
| 550 | 1045.43 | 0.02176 | 45.956 | 6.1434 |
| 600 | 1543.2 | 0.02364 | 42.301 | 5.6548 |
| 650 | 2208.4 | 0.02674 | 37.397 | 4.9993 |
| 700 | 3094.3 | 0.03662 | 27.307 | 3.6505 |
Theoretical Discharge of Orifices
in US GPM
| Head | Velocity
of Discharge Feet per Second |
||||||||||||||
| Lbs. | feet | 1/16 |
1/8 |
3/16 |
¼
| 3/8 |
½
| 5/8 |
¾
| 7/8 |
1 |
1
1/8 |
1
¼
| 1
3/8 |
|
| 10 | 23.1 | 38.6 | 0.37 | 1.48 | 3.32 | 5.91 | 13.3 | 23.6 | 36.9 | 53.1 | 72.4 | 94.5 | 120 | 148 | 179 |
| 15 | 34.6 | 47.25 | 0.45 | 1.81 | 4.06 | 7.24 | 16.3 | 28.9 | 45.2 | 65.0 | 88.5 | 116. | 147 | 181 | 219 |
| 20 | 46.2 | 54.55 | 0.52 | 2.09 | 4.69 | 8.35 | 18.8 | 33.4 | 52.2 | 75.1 | 102. | 134. | 169 | 209 | 253 |
| 25 | 57.7 | 61.0 | 0.58 | 2.34 | 5.25 | 9.34 | 21.0 | 37.3 | 58.3 | 84.0 | 114. | 149. | 189 | 234 | 283 |
| 30 | 69.3 | 66.85 | 0.64 | 2.56 | 5.75 | 10.2 | 23.0 | 40.9 | 63.9 | 92.0 | 125. | 164. | 207 | 256 | 309 |
| 35 | 80.8 | 72.2 | 0.69 | 2.77 | 6.21 | 11.1 | 24.8 | 44.2 | 69.0 | 99.5 | 135. | 177. | 224 | 277 | 334 |
| 40 | 92.4 | 77.2 | 0.74 | 2.96 | 6.64 | 11.8 | 26.6 | 47.3 | 73.8 | 106. | 145. | 189. | 239 | 296 | 357 |
| 45 | 103.9 | 81.8 | 0.78 | 3.13 | 7.03 | 12.5 | 28.2 | 50.1 | 78.2 | 113. | 153. | 200. | 253 | 313 | 379 |
| 50 | 115.5 | 86.25 | 0.83 | 3.30 | 7.41 | 13.2 | 29.7 | 52.8 | 82.5 | 119. | 162. | 211. | 267 | 330 | 399 |
| 55 | 127.0 | 90.4 | 0.87 | 3.46 | 7.77 | 13.8 | 31.1 | 55.3 | 86.4 | 125. | 169. | 221. | 280 | 346 | 418 |
| 60 | 138.6 | 94.5 | 0.90 | 3.62 | 8.12 | 14.5 | 32.5 | 57.8 | 90.4 | 130. | 177. | 231. | 293 | 362 | 438 |
| 65 | 150.1 | 98.3 | 0.94 | 3.77 | 8.45 | 15.1 | 33.8 | 60.2 | 94.0 | 136. | 184. | 241. | 305 | 375 | 455 |
| 70 | 161.7 | 102.1 | 0.98 | 3.91 | 8.78 | 15.7 | 35.2 | 62.5 | 97.7 | 141. | 191. | 250. | 317 | 391 | 473 |
| 75 | 173.2 | 105.7 | 1.01 | 4.05 | 9.08 | 16.2 | 36.4 | 64.7 | 101. | 146. | 198. | 259. | 327 | 404 | 489 |
| 80 | 184.8 | 109.1 | 1.05 | 4.18 | 9.39 | 16.7 | 37.6 | 66.8 | 104. | 150. | 205. | 267. | 338 | 418 | 505 |
| 85 | 196.3 | 112.5 | 1.08 | 4.31 | 9.67 | 17.3 | 38.8 | 68.9 | 108. | 155. | 211. | 276. | 349 | 431 | 521 |
| 90 | 207.9 | 115.8 | 1.11 | 4.43 | 9.95 | 17.7 | 39.9 | 70.8 | 111. | 160. | 217. | 284. | 359 | 443 | 536 |
| 95 | 219.4 | 119.0 | 1.14 | 4.56 | 10.2 | 18.2 | 41.0 | 72.8 | 114. | 164. | 223. | 292. | 369 | 456 | 551 |
| 100 | 230.9 | 122.0 | 1.17 | 4.67 | 10.5 | 18.7 | 42.1 | 74.7 | 117. | 168. | 229. | 299. | 378 | 467 | 565 |
| 105 | 242.4 | 125.0 | 1.20 | 4.79 | 10.8 | 19.2 | 43.1 | 76.5 | 120. | 172. | 234. | 306. | 388 | 479 | 579 |
| 110 | 254.0 | 128.0 | 1.23 | 4.90 | 11.0 | 19.6 | 44.1 | 78.4 | 122. | 176. | 240. | 314. | 397 | 490 | 593 |
| 115 | 265.5 | 130.9 | 1.25 | 5.01 | 11.2 | 20.0 | 45.1 | 80.1 | 125. | 180. | 245. | 320. | 406 | 501 | 606 |
| 120 | 277.1 | 133.7 | 1.28 | 5.12 | 11.5 | 20.5 | 46.0 | 81.8 | 128. | 184. | 251. | 327. | 414 | 512 | 619 |
| 125 | 288.6 | 136.4 | 1.31 | 5.22 | 11.7 | 20.9 | 47.0 | 83.5 | 130. | 188. | 256. | 334. | 423 | 522 | 632 |
| 130 | 200.2 | 139.1 | 1.33 | 5.33 | 12.0 | 21.3 | 48.0 | 85.2 | 133. | 192. | 261. | 341. | 432 | 533 | 645 |
| 135 | 311.7 | 141.8 | 1.36 | 5.43 | 12.2 | 21.7 | 48.9 | 86.7 | 136. | 195. | 266. | 347. | 439 | 543 | 656 |
| 140 | 323.3 | 144.3 | 1.38 | 5.53 | 12.4 | 22.1 | 49.8 | 88.4 | 138. | 199. | 271. | 354. | 448 | 553 | 668 |
| 145 | 334.8 | 146.9 | 1.41 | 5.62 | 12.6 | 22.5 | 50.6 | 89.9 | 140. | 202. | 275. | 360. | 455 | 562 | 680 |
| 150 | 346.4 | 149.5 | 1.43 | 5.72 | 12.9 | 22.9 | 51.5 | 91.5 | 143. | 206. | 280. | 366. | 463 | 572 | 692 |
| 175 | 404.1 | 161.4 | 1.55 | 6.18 | 13.9 | 24.7 | 55.6 | 98.8 | 154. | 222. | 302. | 395. | 500 | 618 | 747 |
| 200 | 461.9 | 172.6 | 1.65 | 6.61 | 14.8 | 26.4 | 59.5 | 106. | 165. | 238. | 323. | 423. | 535 | 660 | 799 |
| 250 | 577.4 | 193.0 | 1.85 | 7.39 | 16.6 | 29.6 | 66.5 | 118. | 185. | 266. | 362 | 473. | 598 | 739 | 894 |
| 300 | 692.8 | 211.2 | 2.02 | 8.08 | 18.2 | 32.4 | 72.8 | 129. | 202. | 291. | 396. | 517. | 655 | 808 | 977 |
Theoretical Discharge of Orifices in US GPM (Continued)
| Head | Velocity
of Discharge Feet per Second |
Diameter of Orifice
in Inches |
|||||||||||||
| Lbs. | feet | 1 1/2 | 1 3/4 | 2 | 2 1/4 | 2 1/2 | 2 3/4 | 3 | 3 1/2 | 4 | 4 1/2 | 5 | 5 1/2 | 6 | |
| 10 | 23.1 | 38.6 | 213 | 289 | 378 | 479 | 591 | 714 | 851 | 1158 | 1510 | 1915 | 2365 | 2855 | 3405 |
| 15 | 34.6 | 47.25 | 260 | 354 | 463 | 585 | 723 | 874 | 1041 | 1418 | 1850 | 2345 | 2890 | 3490 | 4165 |
| 20 | 46.2 | 54.55 | 301 | 409 | 535 | 676 | 835 | 1009 | 1203 | 1638 | 2135 | 2710 | 3340 | 4040 | 4819 |
| 25 | 57.7 | 61.0 | 336 | 458 | 598 | 756 | 934 | 1128 | 1345 | 1830 | 2385 | 3025 | 3730 | 4510 | 5380 |
| 30 | 69.3 | 66.85 | 368 | 501 | 655 | 828 | 1023 | 1236 | 1473 | 2005 | 2615 | 3315 | 4090 | 4940 | 5895 |
| 35 | 80.8 | 72.2 | 398 | 541 | 708 | 895 | 1106 | 1335 | 1591 | 2168 | 2825 | 3580 | 4415 | 5340 | 6370 |
| 40 | 92.4 | 77.2 | 425 | 578 | 756 | 957 | 1182 | 1428 | 1701 | 2315 | 3020 | 3830 | 4725 | 5710 | 6810 |
| 45 | 103.9 | 81.8 | 451 | 613 | 801 | 1015 | 1252 | 1512 | 1802 | 2455 | 3200 | 4055 | 5000 | 6050 | 7210 |
| 50 | 115.5 | 86.25 | 475 | 647 | 845 | 1070 | 1320 | 1595 | 1900 | 2590 | 3375 | 4275 | 5280 | 6380 | 7600 |
| 55 | 127.0 | 90.4 | 498 | 678 | 886 | 1121 | 1385 | 1671 | 1991 | 2710 | 3540 | 4480 | 5530 | 6690 | 7970 |
| 60 | 138.6 | 94.5 | 521 | 708 | 926 | 1172 | 1447 | 1748 | 2085 | 2835 | 3700 | 4685 | 5790 | 6980 | 8330 |
| 65 | 150.1 | 98.3 | 542 | 737 | 964 | 1220 | 1506 | 1819 | 2165 | 2950 | 3850 | 4875 | 6020 | 7270 | 8670 |
| 70 | 161.7 | 102.1 | 563 | 765 | 1001 | 1267 | 1565 | 1888 | 2250 | 3065 | 4000 | 5060 | 6250 | 7560 | 9000 |
| 75 | 173.2 | 105.7 | 582 | 792 | 1037 | 1310 | 1619 | 1955 | 2330 | 3170 | 4135 | 5240 | 6475 | 7820 | 9320 |
| 80 | 184.8 | 109.1 | 602 | 818 | 1070 | 1354 | 1672 | 2020 | 2405 | 3280 | 4270 | 5410 | 6690 | 8080 | 9630 |
| 85 | 196.3 | 112.5 | 620 | 844 | 1103 | 1395 | 1723 | 2080 | 2480 | 3375 | 4400 | 5575 | 6890 | 8320 | 9920 |
| 90 | 207.9 | 115.8 | 638 | 868 | 1136 | 1436 | 1773 | 2140 | 2550 | 3475 | 4530 | 5740 | 7090 | 8560 | 10210 |
| 95 | 219.4 | 119.0 | 565 | 892 | 1168 | 1476 | 1824 | 2200 | 2625 | 3570 | 4655 | 5900 | 7290 | 8800 | 10500 |
| 100 | 230.9 | 122.0 | 672 | 915 | 1196 | 1512 | 1870 | 2255 | 2690 | 3660 | 4775 | 6050 | 7470 | 9030 | 10770 |
| 105 | 242.4 | 125.0 | 689 | 937 | 1226 | 1550 | 1916 | 2312 | 2755 | 3750 | 4890 | 6200 | 7650 | 9250 | 11020 |
| 110 | 254.0 | 128.0 | 705 | 960 | 1255 | 1588 | 1961 | 2366 | 2820 | 3840 | 5010 | 6350 | 7840 | 9470 | 11300 |
| 115 | 265.5 | 130.9 | 720 | 980 | 1282 | 1621 | 2005 | 2420 | 2885 | 3930 | 5120 | 6490 | 8010 | 9680 | 11550 |
| 120 | 277.1 | 133.7 | 736 | 1002 | 1338 | 1690 | 2090 | 2520 | 3005 | 4090 | 5340 | 6760 | 8350 | 10100 | 12030 |
| 125 | 288.6 | 136.4 | 751 | 1022 | 1338 | 1690 | 2090 | 2520 | 3005 | 4090 | 5340 | 6760 | 8350 | 10100 | 12030 |
| 130 | 200.2 | 139.1 | 767 | 1043 | 1365 | 1726 | 2132 | 2575 | 3070 | 4175 | 5450 | 6900 | 8530 | 10300 | 12290 |
| 135 | 311.7 | 141.8 | 780 | 1063 | 1390 | 1759 | 2173 | 2620 | 3125 | 4250 | 5550 | 7030 | 8680 | 10400 | 12510 |
| 140 | 323.3 | 144.3 | 795 | 1082 | 1415 | 1790 | 2212 | 2670 | 3180 | 4330 | 5650 | 7160 | 8850 | 10600 | 12730 |
| 145 | 334.8 | 146.9 | 809 | 1100 | 1440 | 1820 | 2250 | 2715 | 3235 | 4410 | 5740 | 7280 | 8990 | 10880 | 12960 |
| 150 | 346.4 | 149.5 | 824 | 1120 | 1466 | 1853 | 2290 | 2760 | 3295 | 4485 | 5850 | 7410 | 9150 | 11070 | 13200 |
| 175 | 404.1 | 161.4 | 890 | 1210 | 1582 | 2000 | 2473 | 2985 | 3560 | 4840 | 6310 | 8000 | 9890 | 11940 | 14250 |
| 200 | 461.9 | 172.6 | 950 | 1294 | 1691 | 2140 | 2645 | 3190 | 3800 | 5175 | 6750 | 8550 | 10580 | 12770 | 15220 |
| 250 | 577.4 | 193.0 | 1063 | 1447 | 1891 | 2392 | 2955 | 3570 | 4250 | 5795 | 7550 | 9570 | 11820 | 14290 | 17020 |
| 300 | 692.8 | 211.2 | 1163 | 1582 | 2070 | 2615 | 3235 | 3900 | 4650 | 6330 | 8260 | 10480 | 12940 | 15620 | 18610 |
Note: To determine actual discharge, multiply values from table by the coefficient of the discharge.
Viscosity of Water
Temp
¢µAbsolute Viscosity Kinematic Viscosity Centipoises Centistokes SSU ft/sec 32 1.79 1.79 33.0 0.00001931 50 1.31 1.31 31.6 0.00001410 60 1.12 1.12 31.2 0.00001217 70 0.98 0.98 30.9 0.00001059 80 0.86 0.86 30.6 0.00000930 85 0.81 0.81 30.4 0.00000869 100 0.68 0.69 30.2 0.00000739 120 0.56 0.57 30.0 0.00000609 140 0.47 0.48 29.7 0.00000514 160 0.40 0.41 29.6 0.00000442 180 0.35 0.36 29.5 0.00000385 212 0.28 0.29 29.3 0.00000319
Water Required to Feed Boilers
| Boiler HP | US GPM | lb/hr |
| 10 | 0.7 | 345 |
| 20 | 1.4 | 690 |
| 30 | 2.1 | 1035 |
| 40 | 2.8 | 1380 |
| 50 | 3.5 | 1725 |
| 60 | 4.1 | 2070 |
| 70 | 4.8 | 2415 |
| 80 | 5.5 | 2760 |
| 90 | 6.2 | 3105 |
| 100 | 6.9 | 2450 |
| 125 | 8.6 | 4312 |
| 150 | 10.4 | 5175 |
| 175 | 12.1 | 6037 |
| 200 | 13.8 | 6900 |
| 225 | 15.5 | 7762 |
| 250 | 17.2 | 8625 |
| 300 | 20.7 | 10350 |
| 350 | 24.1 | 12075 |
| 400 | 27.6 | 13800 |
| 450 | 31.1 | 15525 |
| 500 | 34.5 | 17250 |
| 600 | 41.4 | 20700 |
| 750 | 51.8 | 25875 |
| 1000 | 69.0 | 34500 |
Boiler horsepower is defined as the evaporation of 34.5 pounds of water per hour from a feed water temperature of 212°F into steam at 212°F or, in other terms, is equal to the evaporation of 0.069 GPM per Boiler hp. This is an irrational unit, however, it is used here for the sake of completeness and backwards-compatibility.
In selecting a boiler feed pump it should be taken into account that most boilers are operated at more than 100% of their rating. In fact, with most modern firing methods, 200%-300% is not uncommon even among the smaller boilers.
A boiler feed pump should always develop a pressure higher than the boiler pressure. The amount by which the pump pressure exceeds the boiler pressure is called the excess pressure. This excess pressure is needed to overcome the friction losses in the check valve, regulating valve, piping, and in the static elevation difference between the pump location and the water level in the boiler. The amount of excess pressure required should be calculated from the layout of the installation. For estimation purposes values of 25 lbs for 100 lb pressure boilers to 50 lbs for 300 lb pressure boilers can be used.
Water Requirements for Domestic Uses
Values given are averages only; actual consumption/use will vary with location, persons, animals, weather, and other factors.
| Residence -- Rural | |
| Each person per day, for all purposes | 60 gal |
| Each horse, dry cow, or beef animal per day | 12 gal |
| Each milking cow per day | 35 gal |
| Each hog per day | 4 gal |
| Each sheep per day | 2 gal |
| Each 100 chickens per day | 6 gal |
| Residence -- Urban | |
| Drinking fountain, continuously flowing, per day | 50-100 gal |
| Each shower | 25-60 gal |
| To fill bathtub | 35 gal |
| To fill sink | 1-2 gal |
| To flush toilet | 3-7 gal |
| To sprinkle ¼" of water on each 1000 square feet of lawn | 160 gal |
| Dishwasher, per load | 10-20 gal |
| Washing machine, per load | 30-50 gal |
| Domestic water softener regeneration cycle | 50-150 gal |
| By Fixtures | |
| Shower | 4-6 gpm |
| Bathtub | 4-8 gpm |
| Toilet | 4-5 gpm |
| Bathroom sink | 1-4 gpm |
| Kitchen sink | 2-5 gpm |
| ½" hose and nozzle | 200 gph |
| ¾" hose and nozzle | 360 gph |
| Lawn sprinkler | 3-7 gpm |
Water Requirements for Industrial Uses
Quantities listed on this page are those of water intake (amount pumped into an establishment) rather than actual use. Thus the ranges listed reflect differences in the use of the water as well as the processes and products. Thus even though the amount of water used in the process may be the same from one factory to another, the amount pumped into the factory can vary widely depending on local factors.
Product or Industry Unit Water Required
(gallons)CHEMICALS Alcohol, industrial (100 proof) gal 120 Alumina (Bayer process) ton 6300 Ammonium sulfate ton 200000 Butadiene ton 20000-660000* Calcium carbide ton 30000 Carbon dioxide (from flue gas) ton 20000 Cottonseed oil gal 20 Gunpowder and explosives ton 200000 Hydrogen ton 660000 Oxygen, liquid 1000 ft³ 2000 Soap (laundry) ton 500 Soda ash (ammonium soda process) 58% ton 18000 Sodium chlorate ton 60000 Sulfiric acid (contact process) 100% ton 650-4875* FOODS Bread ton 500-1000§ Canning 100 cases #2 cans 750-25000§ Corn (wet-milling) bu. corn 140-240§ Corn syrup bu corn 30-40§ Gelatin (edible) ton 13200-20000§ Meat:
Packing
Packing house operation
ton live animals
100 hog units
4130
55000Milk and milk products:
Butter
Cheese
Receiving and bottling
ton
ton
ton
5000
4000
9000Sugar:
Beet sugar
Cane sugar
ton
ton
2160
1000PAPER AND PULP Ground wood pulp ton dry 4000-50000* Kraft pulp ton dry 93000 Soda pulp ton dry 85000 Sulfate pulp ton dry 70000 Sulfite pulp ton dry 70000-133000* Paper ton 39000 Paperboard ton 15000-90000 Strawboard ton 26000 PETROLEUM Gasoline, natural gal 20 Oil refining 100 bbl 77000 Refined products 100 bbl 15000-1500000* SYNTHETIC FUEL By coal hydrogenation 100 bbl 728600 From coal 100 bbl 1115000 From natural gas 100 bbl 373600 From shale 100 bbl 87300 TEXTILES Cotton:
Bleaching
Dyeing
ton produced
ton produced
60000-80000
8000-16000Rayon:
Cuprammonium (11% moisture)
Viscose
Weave, dye, and finish
ton yarn
ton yarn
1000 yard
90000-160000
200000
15000Woolens ton produced 140000 MISCELLANEOUS Cement, portland ton 750 Coal and coke:
By product coke
Washing
ton
ton
1500-3600§
200Electric power (steam-generated) kwhr 80-170* Hospitals bed per day 135-150 Iron ore (brown) ton 1000 Laundries:
Commercial
Institutional
ton work
ton work
86000-11400
6000Leather tanning:
Vegetable
Chrome
100 bbl raw hide
100 bbl raw hide
800
800Rockwool ton 5000 Rubber, synthetic
Buna S
GR-S
ton
ton
631450
28000-670000*Steel (rolled) net ton 15000-110000 Sulfur mining ton 3000
* Range from no reuse to maximum recycling
§ Range covers various processes or products involved
Water Requirements for Public Buildings
| Building | Number of Fixtures | ||||||||
| 0-50 | 51-100 | 101-200 | 201-400 | 401-800 | 801-1200 | Over 1200 | Notes | ||
| Hotels and Clubs | GPM/Fixture | .65 | .55 | .45 | .35 | 027 | .25 | .20 | A B |
| Min Capacity, GPM | 25 | 35 | 60 | 100 | 150 | 225 | 300 | ||
| Max Capacity, GPM | 33 | 55 | 90 | 140 | 210 | 300 | --- | ||
| Hospitals | GPM/Fixture | 1.0 | .80 | .60 | .50 | .40 | .40 | .40 | A B |
| Min Capacity, GPM | 25 | 55 | 85 | 125 | 210 | 330 | 500 | ||
| Max Capacity, GPM | 50 | 80 | 120 | 200 | 320 | 480 | --- | ||
| Apartments
and Apartment Hotels |
GPM/Fixture | .50 | .35 | .30 | .28 | .25 | .24 | .24 | A |
| Min Capacity, GPM | 16 | 30 | 40 | 65 | 120 | 210 | 300 | ||
| Max Capacity, GPM | 25 | 35 | 60 | 115 | 200 | 290 | --- | ||
| Mercantile | GPM/Fixture | 1.3 | .75 | .70 | .60 | .55 | .50 | .50 | A C |
| Min Capacity, GPM | 40 | 70 | 80 | 150 | 250 | 460 | 620 | ||
| Max Capacity, GPM | 65 | 75 | 140 | 240 | 440 | 600 | --- | ||
| Office | GPM/Fixture | 1.1 | .70 | .60 | .50 | .37 | .30 | .27 | A C |
| Min Capacity, GPM | 35 | 60 | 80 | 140 | 210 | 320 | 380 | ||
| Max Capacity, GPM | 55 | 70 | 120 | 200 | 300 | 360 | --- | ||
| Schools | GPM/Fixture | 1.0 | .60 | .50 | .40 | .40 | .40 | .40 | A |
| Min Capacity, GPM | 20 | 50 | 70 | 110 | 180 | 340 | 500 | ||
| Max Capacity, GPM | 50 | 60 | 100 | 160 | 320 | 480 | --- | ||
Notes
A: Values are based on an equal number of men and women occupants.
If the majority of occupants are women increase the capacity by
15%.
B: Where laundry is operated in connection with the building increase
the capacity by 10%.
C: These values do not include water for special process work The
extra amount should be determined and added to the total capacity.
Water Requirements of Swimming Pools
| Holding Capacity (gallons) |
A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H |
| 55500 | 8' | 9' | 5' | 3' 3" | 15" | 20' | 60' | 20' |
| 80800 | 8' | 9' | 5' | 3' 3" | 15" | 20' | 75' | 25' |
| 120000 | 8' | 9' 6" | 5' | 3' 3" | 15" | 25'' | 90' | 30' |
| 155600 | 8' | 10' | 5' | 3' 3" | 15" | 25' | 105' | 25' |
| 207600 | 8' | 10' | 5' | 3' 3" | 15" | 30' | 120' | 40' |
| 254000 | 8' | 10' | 5' | 3' 3" | 15" | 30' | 135' | 45' |
| 306000 | 8' | 10' | 5' | 3' 3" | 15" | 30' | 150' | 50' |
| 422400 | 8' | 10' | 5' | 3' 3" | 15" | 30' | 180' | 60' |
| 558000 | 8' | 10' | 5' | 3' 3" | 15" | 30' | 210' | 70' |
Bathing Capacity per Day Assuming 24-Hour Operation on Basis of Refiltration
| Holding Capacity (gallons) |
8
Hours 400 Gallons per Swimmer |
10
Hours 625 Gallons per Swimmer |
12
Hours 900 Gallons per Swimmer |
16
Hours 1600 Gallons per Swimmer |
||||
| Swimmers | Pump Capacity (gpm) |
Swimmers | Pump Capacity (gpm) |
Swimmers | Pump Capacity (gpm) |
Swimmers | Pump Capacity (gpm) |
|
| 55500 | 418 | 116 | 214 | 93 | 124 | 72 | 53 | 58 |
| 80800 | 606 | 168 | 311 | 135 | 180 | 112 | 76 | 84 |
| 120000 | 900 | 250 | 461 | 200 | 267 | 167 | 113 | 125 |
| 155600 | 1170 | 324 | 597 | 260 | 346 | 216 | 146 | 162 |
| 207600 | 1555 | 432 | 796 | 346 | 461 | 288 | 195 | 216 |
| 254000 | 1905 | 530 | 975 | 423 | 565 | 353 | 238 | 264 |
| 306000 | 2300 | 638 | 1177 | 510 | 681 | 425 | 288 | 318 |
| 422400 | 3170 | 880 | 1623 | 705 | 950 | 586 | 397 | 440 |
| 558000 | 4180 | 1160 | 2145 | 930 | 1242 | 775 | 524 | 581 |
The period of refiltration of the pool takes into account the amount of water per bather per day, determined empirically.
The pump requirements depend up various factors comprising the head and upon the rate of refiltration and backwash of the filter. In this case, the head is comprised of total friction in the pipes leaving the pool and draining it into the filters, as well as of the back pressure at inlets, strainers, and the resistance to the filter beds. On the average, total head is usually figured between 40 and 60 feet, depending on the size of the pool in question.
In selecting the capacity of the pump, the local requirement of the minimum period of refiltration (if any) is used. In addition to the duty of recirculating, the pump must also be capable of supplying water for backwash. The flow through each filter when backwashing is four times the normal flow.
When the filter installation consists of three or more filters, and only one is backwashed at a time, then the pool circulating pump will have ample capacity for backwashing.
If a single filter is used, a separate backwash pump should be provided with a capacity approximately four times that of the circulating pump.