Electrical Conversion Formulas
| TO FIND | DIRECT CURRENT | ALTERNATING
CURRENT |
|
| Single Phase | Three Phase | ||
| Amperes
When Horsepower (Input) is Known |
 |
 |
 |
| Amperes
When Kilowatts is Known |
 |
 |
 |
| Amperes
When kva is Known |
 |
 |
|
| Kilowatts |  |
 |
 |
| kva |  |
 |
|
| Power Factor |  |
 |
|
| Horsepower (Output) |
 |
 |
 |
Power Factor and Efficiency when used in above formulas
should be expressed as decimals.
For 2-phase, 3-wire substitute 1.41 instead of 1.73.
For 2-phase, 4-wire substitute 2 instead of 1.73.
유량 비교 테이블
| US gpm |
Imp gpm |
US million gal/day |
sec-ft� | m3/hr | liters/sec | barrels/min | barrels/day | |
| US gpm | 1 | 0.8327 | 0.00144 | 0.00223 | 0.2271 | 0.0631 | 0.0238 | 34.286 |
| Imp gpm | 1.201 | 1 | 0.00173 | 0.002676 | 0.2727 | 0.0758 | 0.02859 | 41.176 |
| US million gal/day | 694.4 | 578.25 | 1 | 1.547 | 157.7 | 43.8 | 16.53 | 23810 |
| sec-ft� | 448.83 | 373.7 | 0.646 | 1 | 101.9 | 28.32 | 10.686 | 15388 |
| m3/hr | 4.403 | 3.67 | 0.00634 | 0.00982 | 1 | 0.2778 | 0.1048 | 151 |
| liters/sec | 15.85 | 13.20 | 0.0228 | 0.0353 | 3.60 | 1 | 0.3773 | 543.3 |
| barrels/min | 42 | 34.97 | 0.0605 | 0.0937 | 9.538 | 2.65 | 1 | 1440 |
| barrels/day | 0.0292 | 0.0243 | 0.000042 | 0.000065 | 0.00662 | 0.00184 | 0.00069 | 1 |
International (Metric) System of Units
The International System of Units, known alternately as
SI or metric,
has been adopted by the International Standards Organization.
This simplified and modernized system consists of seven basic units
and other units which are coherently derived from them; that is,
the product or quotient of any two unit quantities in the system results
in another unit quantity.
Base and Supplementary Units
| Quantity | Unit | Symbol |
| Length | meter | m |
| Mass | kilogram | kg |
| Time | second | s |
| Electric current | ampere | A |
| Thermodynamic temperature | Kelvin | K |
| Luminous intensity | candela | cd |
| Molecular substance | mole | mol |
| Plane angle | radian | rad |
| Solid angle | steradian | sr |
SI Units and Conversion Factors
| To Convert From | To | Multiply By |
|
ACCELERATION |
||
| feet per second per second | centimeters per second per second meters per second per second |
30.480 0.30480 |
| free fall (standard) | meters per second per second | 9.8067 |
| kilometers per hour per second | centimeters per second per second feet per second per second meters per second squared |
27.778 0.9113 0.27778 |
|
ANGULAR |
||
| circumferences | radians | 6.283 |
| degrees | grade radians |
1.111 0.017453 |
| degrees per second | radians per second revolutions per minute revolutions per second |
0.017453 0.16667 0.0027778 |
| minutes | radians | 0.002909 |
| radians | degrees (angular) | 57.296 |
| radians per second | degrees per second (angular) revolutions per minute |
57.296 9.549 |
| revolutions per minute | degrees per second radians per second |
6 0.01472 |
| AREA | ||
| acres | square feet square meters hectares |
43560 4046.9 0.40469 |
| circular mils | square inches | 0.000007854 |
| hectares | acres square feet square meters |
2.4710 107639 10000 |
| square centimeters | square inches | 0.1550 |
| square feet | acres square meters |
0.000022956 0.092903 |
| square inches | square centimeters | 6.4516 |
| square kilometers | acres square miles |
247.10 0.38610 |
| square meters | acres square feet |
0.00024710 10.764 |
| square miles | acres square kilometers |
640 2.590 |
| square yards | acres square meters |
0.00020661 0.83613 |
|
CANDLEPOWER |
||
| foot candles | lumens per square meter | 10.764 |
| CAPACITY, DISPLACEMENT | ||
| cubic inches per revolution | liters per revolution milliliters per revolution |
0.01639 16.39 |
|
DENSITY, MASS/VOLUME |
||
| grams per cubic centimeter | kilograms per cubic meter pounds per cubic inch pounds per cubic foot |
0.001 0.03613 62.427 |
| pounds-mass per cubic foot | kilograms per cubic meter | 16.018 |
| pounds per cubic foot | grams per cubic centimeter kilograms per cubic meter pounds per cubic inch |
0.016018 16.018 0.0005787 |
| pounds per cubic inch | grams per cubic centimeter kilograms per cubic meter newtons per meter |
27.68 27.680 1728 |
| ENERGY AND WORK | ||
| British thermal units | joules | 1055 |
| British thermal units per second | watts | 1.055 |
| British thermal units per minute | horsepower watts |
0.02358 17.58 |
| British thermal units per hour | watts | 0.2931 |
| calories | British thermal units foot-pounds joules kilogram-meters watt-hours |
0.0039683 3.088 4.1868 0.4265 0.001163 |
| ergs | joules | 0.0000001 |
| foot-pounds-force | British thermal units calories horsepower hours joules kilocalories kilogram-force meters kilowatt hours |
0.001285 0.3238 0.0000005050 1.3558 0.0003238 0.13825 0.0000003766 |
| horsepower | British thermal units per minute foot-pounds-force per minute foot-pounds-force per second kilocalories per minute kilowatts horsepower (metric) watts |
42.43 33000 550 10.69 0.7457 1.0139 745.7 |
| horsepower-boiler | British thermal units per horse kilowatts pounds of water evaporated per hour at 212℉ |
33479 9.8095 34.5 |
| horsepower hours | British thermal units foot-pounds-force joules kilocalories kilogram-force meters kilowatt hours |
2.545 1980000 2684500 641.5 273200 0.7457 |
| joules | British thermal units calories foot-pounds-force watt-hours |
0.0009484 0.2390 0.73756 0.00027778 |
| kilowatts | British thermal units per minute foot-pounds-force per minute foot-pounds-force per second horsepower kilocalories per minute |
56.92 44254 737.6 1.3410 14.34 |
| kilowatt hours | British thermal units foot-pounds-force horsepower hours joules kilocalories kilograms-force meters |
3413 2655000 1.3410 3.600000 860 367100 |
| pounds-force | kilograms-force newtons |
0.45359 4.4482 |
| tons of refrigeration | British thermal units per hour British thermal units per 24 hours |
12000 288000 |
| watts | British thermal units per minute foot-pounds-force per second foot-pounds-force per minute horsepower joules per second kilocalories per minute |
0.05691 0.73756 44.254 0.0013410 1.0 0.014340 |
| watt-hours | British thermal units foot-pounds-force horsepower hours joules kilocalories kilograms-force-meters |
3.413 2665 0.0013410 3600 0.8604 367.10 |
| There
are several definitions of the Btu, and the values of applicable
and/or equivalent factors may vary slightly depending on the definition used. For this reason, three or four significant figures are given on this page, and in most cases provide a value near to most definitions of the Btu. However, as always in making calculations of high accuracy, one should reference the appropriate lists and handbooks of standards. |
||
|
ENERGY/AREA TIME |
||
| Btu/cubic feet second | watts per square meter | 11348 |
| Btu/cubic feet hour | watts per square meter | 3.1525 |
| FLOW RATE MASS | ||
| pounds per minute | kilograms per minute | 0.4536 |
|
FLOW RATE VOLUME |
||
| cubic feet per minute | cubic centimeters per second cubic meters per second cubic meters per hour liters per second gallons (US) per second pounds of water per minute (at 68캟) |
471.9 0.0004719 1.699 0.4719 0.2247 62.32 |
| cubic feet per second | cubic meters per second cubic meters per minute cubic meters per hour gallons (US) per minute gallons (imp) per hour liters |
0.028317 1.699 101.9 448.8 646315 28.32 |
| cubic meters per hour | cubic meters per minute cubic meters per second gallons (US) per minute liters per second |
0.016667 0.00027778 4.4033 0.27778 |
| cubic meters per second | cubic meters per hour gallons (US) per minute |
3600 15850 |
| gallons (US) per minute | cubic meters per second cubic meters per minute cubic meters per hour cubic feet per second cubic feet per hour liters per second |
0.000063090 0.0037854 0.2771 0.002228 8.021 0.06309 |
| liters per minute | cubic feet per second liters per second gallons (US) per second gallons (US) per minute gallons (imp) per minute |
0.0005885 0.01667 0.004403 0.26418 0.003666 |
| liters per second | cubic meters per second cubic meters per minute cubic meters per hour liters per minute gallons (US) per minute gallons (imp) per minute |
0.001 0.06 3.600 60 15.85 13.20 |
| pounds of water per minute at 60캟 | cubic centimeters per second cubic feet per second cubic meters per minute kilograms per second |
7.5667 0.0002675 0.00045398 0.0075599 |
| standard cubic feet per minute | cubic meters per hour at STP liters per second at STP |
1.6957 0.47103 |
| stokes | square feet per second square meters per second |
0.001076 0.0001 |
| tons (short) of water per 24 hours at 60캟 | cubic feet per hour cubic meters per hour gallons (US) per minute pounds of water per hour |
1.338 0.03789 0.1668 83.333 |
| FORCE | ||
| dynes | newtons | 0.00001 |
| grams-force | newtons | 0.0098066 |
| kilograms-force | newtons pounds-force |
9.8066 2.2046 |
| kiloponds | newtons kilograms-force pounds-force poundals kips |
9.807 1 2.2046 70.932 0.002205 |
| kips | newtons kilograms-force pounds-force poundal kilopond |
4448 453.6 1000 32174 453.6 |
| grams-force per centimeter | newtons per meter pounds-force per inch |
98.07 0.005600 |
| kilograms-force per meter | newtons pounds-force per foot |
9.8066 0.6721 |
| newtons | dynes kilograms-force poundals pounds-force |
100000 0.10197 7.2330 0.2248 |
| poundals | newtons | 0.13826 |
| pounds-force | newtons | 4.448 |
|
LENGTH |
||
| centimeters | inches | 0.3937 |
| fathoms | feet meters |
6 1.8288 |
| feet | centimeters inches meters yards |
30.480 12 0.30480 0.3333 |
| inches | centimeters meters millimeters micrometers |
2.540 0.02540 25.40 25.4 |
| kilometers | feet miles |
3280.8 0.62137 |
| meters | feet inches yards |
3.2808 39.370 1.0936 |
| micrometers | meters | 0.000001 |
| millimeters | inches | 0.039370 |
| mills | millimeters | 0.0254 |
| miles | feet kilometers meters yards |
5280 1.6093 1609.3 1760 |
| statute miles | kilometers | 1.609 |
| yards | meters | 0.91440 |
| MASS/WEIGHT | ||
| drams (avoir) | grains grams ounces |
27.344 1.7718 0.0625 |
| grains | grams ounces (avoir) |
0.0648 0.0022857 |
| grams | grains ounces (avoir) pounds (avoir) |
15.432 0.035274 0.0022046 |
| kilograms | pounds tons (short) |
2.2046 0.0011023 |
| metric tons (tonnes) | kilograms pounds |
1000 2204.6 |
| ounces (avoir) | drams (avoir) grains grams kilograms pounds-avoir tons (long) metric tons |
16 437.5 28.3495 0.028350 0.06250 0.00002790 0.000028350 |
| pounds (avoir) | drams (avoir) grains grams kilograms ounces (avoir) metric tons tons (long) tons (short) |
256 7000 453.59 0.45359 16 0.00045359 0.00044643 0.0005 |
| tons (long) | kilograms metric tons pounds-avoir tons (short) |
1016.0 1.0160 2240 1.120 |
| tons (short) | kilograms pounds-avoir tons (long) metric tons |
907.18 2000 0.89286 0.9072 |
| short ton | metric ton/tonne | 0.9072 |
| POWER | ||
| Btu/hour | watt | 0.2931 |
| Btu/second | watt | 1055 |
| Horsepower | kilowatt | 0.746 |
| PRESSURE AND STRESS | ||
| atmosphere | bars centimeters of mercury at 32℉ feet of water at 68F inches of mercury at 32℉ kilograms-force per square centimeter kilograms-force per square meter kilopascals pounds-force per square inch tons-force (short) per square foot torr |
1.01325 76.0 33.96 29.921 1.0332 103322 101.325 14.696 1.0581 760 |
| bars | kilopascals | 100 |
| centimeters of mercury | atmospheres bars feet of water at 68℉ inches of water at 68℉ kilograms-force per square centimeter pounds-force per square inch torr |
0.013158 0.01333 0.4468 5.362 0.19337 27.85 10 |
| feet of water (at 68캟) | atmospheres bars inches of mercury (at 0℃) kilograms-force per square centimeter kilopascals pounds-force per square inch pounds-force per square foot |
0.02945 0.02984 0.8811 0.03042 2.984 0.4328 62.32 |
| inches of mercury at 0캜 | atmospheres (standard) bars feet of water at 68℉ inches of water at 68℉ kilograms-force per square centimeter kilograms-force per square meter kilopascals millimeters of mercury pounds-force per square foot pounds-force per square inch |
0.00342 0.033864 1.135 13.62 0.034532 345.32 3.3864 25.40 70.73 0.4912 |
| inches of water at 68캟 | atmosphere bars inches of mercury kilograms-force per square centimeter kilopascals ounces-force per square inch pounds-force per square foot pounds-force per square inch |
0.002454 0.002487 0.07342 0.002535 0.2487 0.5770 5.193 0.03606 |
| kilograms-force per square centimeter | atmospheres bars feet of water at 68℉ inches of mercury at 0℃ kilopascals pounds-force per square foot pounds-force per square inch |
0.9678 0.98066 32.87 28.96 98.066 2048 14.223 |
| kilograms-force per square millimeter | kilograms-force per square meter megapascals |
1000000 9.8066 |
| kilograms per square meter | pascals | 9.807 |
| kilopascals | dynes per square centimeter feet of water at 68℉ inches of mercury at 32℉ inches of water at 68℉ kilograms-force per square centimeter pascals pounds-force per square inch |
10000 0.3351 0.2953 4.021 0.010197 1000 0.1450 |
| kips per square inch | kilopascals kilograms-force per square centimeter bars pounds per square inch |
6894.8 70.307 68.94 1000 |
| megapascals | kilograms-force per square millimeter kilograms-force per square centimeter kilopascals pascals pounds-force per square inch |
0.10197 10.197 1000 1000000 145.0 |
| millibars | pascals | 100 |
| millimeters of mercury at 0캜 | bars feet of water at 68℉ inches of mercury inches of water at 68℉ kilograms per square centimeter pascals pounds per square inch |
0.0013332 0.004680 0.03937 0.53616 0.0013595 133.32 0.0193368 |
| ounces-force per square inch | grams-force per square centimeter pascals pounds-force per square inch |
4.395 43.1 0.06250 |
| pascals | bars dynes per square centimeter grams-force per square centimeter kilograms-force per square centimeter kilopascals newtons per square meter pounds-force per square inch |
0.00001 10.0 0.010197 0.000010197 0.001 1.0 0.0001450 |
| poise | centipoises pascal-seconds pound-force-seconds per square foot pounds per foot-second |
100 0.1000 0.0020886 0.06721 |
| pounds-force per square foot | feet of water at 68℉ kilograms-force per square centimeter kilopascals pascals pounds-force per square inch |
0.01605 0.0004882 0.0047880 47.880 0.0069444 |
| pounds-force per square inch | atmospheres feet of water at 68℉ inches of water at 68℉ inches of mercury at 0℃ kilograms force per square centimeter kilopascals |
0.06805 2.311 27.73 2.036 0.07031 6.8948 |
| pounds per square foot | kilograms per square meter | 4.8824 |
| pounds per square inch | pascals kilopascals megapascals |
6895 6.895 0.006895 |
| THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY | ||
| Btu . inch . hour . feet2 . 캟 | watt per meter2 캩 | 0.1442 |
| TORQUE: BENDING MOMENT | ||
| pound feet | newton meters | 1.356 |
| kilogram meters | newton meters | 9.807 |
| VELOCITY | ||
| centimeters per second | feet per second feet per minute miles per hour kilometers per hour meters per minute |
0.03281 1.9685 0.02237 0.03600 0.60000 |
| feet per minute | centimeters per second kilometers per hour meters per minute meters per second miles per hour |
0.5080 0.01829 0.30480 0.00508 0.01136 |
| feet per second | centimeters per second kilometers per hour meters per minute meters per second miles per hour |
30.480 1.097 18.29 0.30480 0.6818 |
| international knots | meters per second miles per hour |
0.5144 1.1516 |
| kilometers per hour | centimeters per second feet per second feet per minute international knots meters per minute meters per second miles per hour |
27.778 0.9113 54.68 0.53996 16.667 0.27778 0.6214 |
| kilometers per second | miles per minute | 37.28 |
| meters per minute | centimeters per second feet per minute feet per second kilometers per hour miles per hour |
1.6667 3.2808 0.05468 0.0600 0.03728 |
| meters per second | feet per minute feet per second kilometers per hour kilometers per minute miles per hour miles per minute |
196.8 3.281 3.600 0.0600 2.237 0.03728 |
| miles per hour | centimeters per second feet per minute feet per second international knots kilometers per hour meters per minute |
44.70 88 1.4667 0.8690 1.6093 26.82 |
| VOLUME | ||
| acre-feet | cubic feet gallons (US) cubic meters |
43.560 325851 1233.5 |
| barrels (US liquid) | gallons (US) | 31.5 |
| barrels (oil) | cubic meters gallons of oil cubic meters |
0.11924 42 0.15899 |
| cubic centimeters | cubic inches cubic feet cubic yards gallons (US) gallons (imp) liters |
0.06102 0.000035315 0.000001308 0.0002642 0.00022 0.001 |
| cubic feet | cubic centimeters cubic meters cubic inches cubic yards gallons (US) gallons (imp) liters |
28317 0.028317 1728 0.03704 7.4805 6.229 28.32 |
| cubic inches | cubic centimeters cubic feet cubic meters cubic yards gallons (US) gallons (imp) liters |
16.387 0.0005787 0.000016387 0.00002143 0.004329 0.03605 0.016387 |
| cubic meters | cubic inches cubic feet cubic yards gallons (US) gallons (imp) liters |
61024 35.315 1.3080 264.17 219.97 1000 |
| cubic yards | cubic centimeters cubic feet cubic inches cubic meters gallons (US) gallons (imp) liters |
764550 27 46.656 0.76455 201.97 168.17 764.55 |
| fluid ounces (US) | cubic inches liters |
1.8046 0.02957 |
| gallons (imp) | cubic centimeters cubic meters cubic feet cubic yards gallons (US) liters pounds of water at 62℉ |
4546.1 0.0045461 0.16054 0.005946 1.20094 4.5461 10.000 |
| gallons (US) | cubic centimeters cubic meters cubic inches cubic feet cubic yards pints (liquid) quarts (liquid) gallons (imp) liters pounds of water at 60℉ |
3785.4 0.0037854 231 0.13368 0.0049515 8 4 0.8327 3.7854 8.338 |
| liters | cubic centimeters cubic feet cubic inches cubic meters cubic yards gallons (US) gallons (imp) |
1000 0.035315 61.024 0.001 0.001308 0.26418 0.2200 |
| pounds-mass of water at 60캟 | cubic centimeters cubic feet cubic inches gallons (US) liters |
454.00 0.01603 27.70 0.11993 0.45398 |
| quarts (dry) | cubic centimeters cubic inches cubic meters |
1101.2 67.20 0.0011012 |
| quarts (liquid) | cubic centimeters cubic inches liters |
946.35 57.75 0.94635 |
| WATER HARDNESS | ||
| grains per gallon (imp) | grams per cubic meter kilograms per cubic meter parts per million by weight in water |
14.25 0.01425 14.25 |
| grains per gallon (US) | grams per cubic meter kilograms per cubic meter parts per million by weight in water pounds per million gallons |
17.118 0.017118 17.118 142.9 |
| grains per liter | grains per US gallon parts per million by mass weight in water pounds per cubic foot pounds per 1000 gallons (US) |
58.417 1000 0.0622427 8.3544 |
| milligrams per liter | parts per million | 1.0 |
| parts per million by mass | grains per gallon (US) at 60℉ grains per gallon (imp) at 62℉ grams per cubic meter at 15℃ milligrams per liter pounds per million gallons (US) at 60℉ |
0.0583 0.0700 0.9991 1.0 8.328 |
| Metric Flow Equations | |
| Velocity: |  |
| Where Q is the flow in cubic meters per second; A is the area of the pipe's cross-section in square meters; D is the internal diameter of the pipe in meters; d is the internal diameter of the pipe in millimeters; and q is the flow in liters per minute. | |
| Velocity Head: |  |
| Where V is the flow velocity in meters per second; gc is the acceleration due to gravity; Q is the flow in cubic meters per second; D is the internal diameter of the pipe in meters; d is the internal diameter of the pipe in millimeters; and q is the flow in liters per minute. | |
| Head: |  |
| Where kPa is the pressure in kilopascals, B is the pressure in bars; and sp gr is the density. | |
| Power Required: |  |
| Where Q is the flow in cubic meters per second; q is the flow in liters per minute; B is the pressure in bars; H is the head in meters of liquid; sp gr is the density; kPa is the pressure in kilopascals; and eff is the efficiency expressed as a decimal. | |
| Reynold's Number: |  |
| Where V is the velocity of flow in meters per second; D is the internal diameter of the pipe in meters; v is the kinematic viscosity in square meters per second; k is the kinematic viscosity in centistokes; Q is the flow in cubic meters per second; q is the flow in liters per minute; and d is the internal diameter of the pipe in millimeters. | |
| Darcy's Friction Formula: |  |
| Where f is the friction factor; L is the length of the pipe in meters; V is the velocity of flow in meters per second; gc is the acceleration due to gravity; D is the internal diameter of the pipe in meters; Q is the flow in cubic meters per second; q is the flow in liters per minute; and d is the internal diameter of the pipe in millimeters. | |
| Hazen & Williams Friction Formula: |  |
| Where L is the length of the pipe in meters; C is the Hazen & Williams friction factor; Q is the flow in cubic meters per second; D is the internal diameter of the pipe in meters; q is the flow in liters per minute; and d is the internal diameter of the pipe in millimeters. | |
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